NTP considered the KCs for carcinogens to organize and evaluate mechanistic data in the following assessments:
NTP Cancer Hazard Assessment Report on Night Shift Work and Light at Night. April 2021. National Toxicology Program, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Monograph on Antimony Trioxide, Report on Carcinogens, October 2018. Office of the Report on carcinogens, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Draft Monograph on Night Shift Work and Light at Night. Report on Carcinogens, August 24, 2018. Office of the Report on carcinogens, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Haloacetic Acids Found as Water Disinfection By-Products. Report on Carcinogens, March 2018. Office of the Report on Carcinogens, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
NTP ROC Handbook
Handbook for Preparing Report on Carcinogens Monograph (2015)
OEHHA used the KCs for carcinogens to organize and evaluate mechanistic data for the following chemicals, in the documents provided in the associated links:
Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Coumarin. Proposition 65. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. August 2017.
Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Gentian Violet. Proposition 65. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. January 2019 Update.
Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of N-Nitrosohexamethylemeimine. Proposition 65. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. January 2019 Update.
Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Acetaminophen. Proposition 65. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. September 2019 Update. Additional References Sent to the Carcinogen Identification Committee: Additional References Sent to the Carcinogen Identification Committee https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/additionalreferencessenttothecic.pdf
Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) and its Salts and Transformation and Degradation Precursors. Proposition 65. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. September 2021.
Evidence on the carcinogenicity of Bisphenol A (BPA). Proposition 65. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. September 2022
Evidence on the carcinogenicity of vinyl acetate. Proposition 65. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. October 2024
OEHHA used the KCs for male reproductive toxicants to organize and evaluate mechanistic data for the following chemicals, in the documents provided in the associated links:
Evidence on the Male Reproductive Toxicity of Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) and Its Salts and Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) and Its Salts. Proposition 65. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. September 2021
Evidence on the Male Reproductive Toxicity of Bisphenol S. Proposition 65. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. September 2024
IARC describes the use the KCs of carcinogens to organize and evaluate mechanistic data in the revised Preamble (Jan, 2019) to the Monographs:
Preamble. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. Lyons, France, 2019. Amended January, 2019.
IARC used the KCs of carcinogens to organize and evaluate mechanistic data in all their assessments from Volume 112 onwards. These include:
Night Shift Work. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 124. Lyons, France, 2020. Infographic
Some Nitrobenzenes and Other Industrial Chemicals. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 123. Lyons, France, 2020.
Some Industrial Chemical Intermediates and Solvents. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 125. Lyons, France, 2020.
Opium Consumption. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 126. Lyons, France, 2021.
Some Aromatic Amines and Related Compounds. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 127. Lyons, France, 2021.
Acrolein, Crotonaldehyde, and Arecoline. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 128. Lyons, France, 2021.
Gentian Violet, Leucogentian Violet, Malachite Green, Leucomalachite Green, and CI Direct Blue 218. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 129, 2022.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane and Four Other Industrial Chemicals. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 130, 2022.
Cobalt, Antimony Compounds, and Weapons-grade Tungsten Alloy. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 131. Lyons, France, 2023. KCs applied for the evaluation of cobalt.
Occupational Exposure as a Firefighter. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 132. Lyons, France, 2023.
Anthracene, 2-Bromopropane, Butyl Methacrylate, and Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphite. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 133. Lyons, France, 2024.
Aspartame, Methyleugenol, and Isoeugenol. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 134. Lyons, France, 2024.
Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 135. Pending.
Zahm et al. 2024. Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. The Lancet Oncology. 25(1):16-17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204523006228?via%3Dihub. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00622-8
Talc and Nitrile. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 136. Pending.
Stayner et al. 2024. Carcinogenicity of talc and acrylonitrile. The Lancet Oncology 25(8):962-963. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147020452400384X. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00384-X
Hydrochlorothiazide, voriconazole, and tacrolimus. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 137. Pending.
Cogliano et al. 2025. Carcinogenicity of hydrochlorothiazide, voriconazole, and tacrolimus. The Lancet Oncology 26(1):15-16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204524006855. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00685-5
Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations*. National Academies of Science Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. The National Academies Press. Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/24635.
*Contributors to this report included the Committee on Incorporating 21st Century Science into Risk-Based Evaluations; Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; and Division on Earth and Life Studies, NASEM. The committee discussed the key characteristics of carcinogens and their application by IARC “as a way to organize mechanistic data relevant to agent-specific evaluations of carcinogenicity.” The committee further noted that “key characteristics for other hazards, such as cardiovascular and reproductive toxicity, could be developed as a guide for evaluating the relationship between perturbations observed in assays, their potential to pose a hazard, and their contribution to risk.”
U.S. EPA. IRIS Toxicological Review of Hexavalent Chromium (Final Report, 2024). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/635/R-24/164, 2024. KCs discussed in the Toxicological Review and Supplemental document.
IRIS Handbook
U.S. EPA. Ord Staff Handbook for Developing IRIS Assessments (2022). U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-22/268, 2022.
